Robots and automation have been used in manufacturing for decades, with many processes and activities now automated. As robots become more sophisticated, flexible and affordable, they are increasingly used in manufacturing businesses to replace or enhance traditional processes.

Key issues for manufacturers then become factory location in relation to resources and market, geopolitics and cost, and the potential of adding value through design and branding.

Blockchain is now being used to combat counterfeiting of high value manufactured goods, such as drugs, vehicle parts, aerospace parts, fashion accessories and even food such as coffee and manuka honey, to track production and delivery through the supply chain, verifying authenticity through the transparent, distributed ledger technology.

VR is used to improve health and safety in operational environments by simulating emergency experiences such as chemical spills and fires.

The evolution of 3d printing raises a new issue and wider opportunity – the prospect of manufacturing on demand by customers and the disintermediation of the manufacturer completely in the process of product creation.

3D designs can be created and products printed and distributed anywhere on the planet. This may see the growth of 3D printing and distribution centres in every major city on the planet.